邢悦,刘晓欣

• 1:清华大学国际关系学系

摘要(Abstract)：

自2020年新冠疫情全球大暴发以来，美国是一直是新冠疫情最严重的国家，美国政府对疫情的治理无疑是失败的。许多人将原因归结为特朗普个人或联邦制的内在缺陷，然而，通过细致梳理联邦政府的防疫政策可以发现，特朗普政府的防疫政策具有阶段性：利用国家紧急状态所赋予的权力，特朗普政府对第一波疫情的治理是达到其政策目标的，这说明特朗普曾有治理疫情的意愿，联邦制也具备治理疫情的能力。但是，特朗普政府在后两波更为严重的疫情下却几无作为，防疫最终走向失败。美国大选是导致特朗普政府由积极抗疫转为消极抗疫的主要因素。大选期间，美国整个政府乃至政治系统都在为选举服务，治理所需要的协商合作被弃若敝履，政府的治理功能瘫痪。即使大选结束，这种竞争对抗的气氛也持续地影响着美国的政治系统，使拜登政府的疫情防控措施难以取得成效。所以，从根本上讲，美国疫情治理失败是美国民主政治深层危机所带来的治理能力下降的结果。这一民主危机由政党极化而起，被大选激活，以至于对抗超过了妥协、竞选越过了治理成为美国政治生活的主旋律。如何应对政党极化对民主制度带来的冲击，是对美国民主的重大考验。

关键词(KeyWords)： 新冠疫情;美国政府;政党极化;民主危机;国家紧急状态

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 邢悦,刘晓欣

DOI: 10.13549/j.cnki.cn11-3959/d.2022.03.007

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